Combines physical and analytical components into a single system under study to evaluate the response of a structure, often under seismic ground motion.
A filament-associated two-ribbon flare, often occurring in spotless regions. The flare is generally slow (30-60 minutes rise time in Ha and x-ray) and follows the disappearance of a previously quiesce
nt filament. The Hyder flare is named for Dr. C. Hyder, who published studies of such flares in 1967.
A form of weathering that affects all rocks; water freezes in pores and cracks, which leads to an increase in specific volume (vol/unit mass) of the water, producing stress that is greater than the te
nsile strength of all common rocks; ultimately leads to shattering and fracturing of the rocks.