An area of ocean that extends from the permanent ice zone to the boundary where winter sea ice extent is at a maximum; here, sea ice is present only part of the year; this zone primarily consists of f
irst-year ice.
The uppermost layer of the permafrost which undergoes seasonal phase changes due to the lowered thawing temperature and freezing-point depression of its pore water
The uppermost layer of the permafrost which undergoes seasonal phase changes due to the lowered thawing temperature and freezing-point depression of its pore water.
A set of sensitivities, CT,k (in m w. E. K-1) and CP,k (in m w. E.), of Annual mass balance Ba to changes in monthly mean temperature Tk and normalized monthly precipitation Pk / Pref, k , where k = 1
, ..., 12 is the month index and Pref, k, is the monthly precipitation averaged over a reference period. The SSC, which is estimated either from observations or from model calculations, was introduced by Oerlemans and Reichert (2000). It consists of two sets of 12 numbers each: bba a C C ;T k P k , T P P ( / k k ref, k ) Describing seasonal sensitivity with a resolution of 1 month is a matter of convenience.
The cumulative number of degree-days above 0 degrees Celsius, calculated as the arithmetic sum of all the positive and negative mean daily air temperatures (degrees Celsius) for a specific station dur
ing the time period between the lowest point in the spring and the highest point the next fall on the cumulative degree-day time curve.
The cumulative number of degree-days above 0˚C, calculated as the arithmetic sum of all the positive and negative mean daily air temperatures (˚C) for a specific station during the time period between
the lowest point in the spring and the highest point the next fall on the cumulative degree-day time curve