The charging of different areas of a spacecraft or satellite to different potentials in response to sunlight, the charged particle environment, and the design and composition of the materials involved
. Discharge may occur through arcing and generally is detrimental.
The differential particle directional flux j(E,w) denotes the number of particles of energy E per unit energy interval, per unit area, per unit time, per unit solid angle of observation, passing throu
gh an area perpendicular to the viewing direction. The angle w is the angle between the viewing direction and the local magnetic field. It is approximately obtained from the count rate of a physical detector measuring the flux of particles between energy E and E + dE, geometric factor G, and solid angle of view dW through the relationship j(E,w) = C/(G x dE x dW x dt) where C is the number of detector counts in time dt.
The change in solar rotation rate with latitude. Low latitudes rotate at a faster angular rate (approximately 14° per day) than do high latitudes (approximately12° per day)
Sea ice terminology. A general qualitative expression that indicates that the relative severity of prevailing ice conditions in a particular area are such that navigation will be difficult.
A general qualitative expression to indicate, in a relative manner, that the severity of ice conditions prevailing in an area is such that navigation in it is difficult.