Eccentric Dipole (ECD) coordinate system thataligns with a dipole whose origin and orientation may be different from thephysical center and spin axis of the containing body. The IGRF-12coefficients fo
r 2015 are used to determine the origin for the earth. The2015 positions are North dip pole: latitude: 86.29, longitude -160.06. Southdip pole latitide: -64.28, longitude: 136.59, North geometric pole latitude:80.37, longitude: -72.63, South geomagnetic pole latitude: -80.37,longitude: 107.37ECD is defined in doi:10.1186/s40623-015-0228-9.
The Earth-Centered, Earth-Fixed (ECEF)coordinate system has point (0,0,0) defined as the center of mass of theEarth. Its axes are aligned with the International Reference Pole (IRP) andInternational R
eference Meridian (IRM). The x-axis intersects the sphere ofthe Earth at 0 degree latitude (Equator) and 0 degree longitude (Greenwich).The z-axis points north. The y-axis completes the right handed coordinatesystem.
In radar, a general term for the appearance, on a radar display, of the radio signal scattered or reflected from a target. The characteristics of a radar echo are determined by 1) the waveform, freque
ncy, and power of the incident wave; 2) the range and velocity of the target with respect to the radar; and 3) the size, shape, and composition of the target.